Long-duration storage, hydrogen, carbon capture, advanced nuclear, superconductors, clean fuels and next-generation grids move from limited applications toward deployment at scale. Like the first wave, there is no single pathway. . These changes affect not only energy generation, but also the ways in which power systems are protected, monitored, diagnosed, and further developed. In this context, new technologies supporting the energy sector are increasingly appearing in analyses, pilot projects, and early-stage. . Clean technologies already work at scale and are cost-competitive; the core challenge now is integrating them across power, industry, transport and digital infrastructure to keep energy reliable, affordable and secure. According to the IEA, investment in grid-related digital technologies grew by more than 50% from 2015-2022 - a trend which is only expected to grow as digital technologies advance.
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